When art recreates the past!
The Holocaust was the murder by Nazi Germany of six million Jews. While the Nazi persecution of the Jews began in 1933, the mass murder was committed during World War II. It took the Germans and their accomplices four and a half years to murder six million Jews. They were at their most efficient from April to November 1942 – 250 days in which they murdered some two and a half million Jews. They never showed any restraint, they slowed down only when they began to run out of Jews to kill, and they only stopped when the Allies defeated them. There was no escape. The murderers were not content with destroying the communities; they also traced each hidden Jew and hunted down each fugitive. The crime of being a Jew was so great, that every single one had to be put to death – the men, the women, the children; the committed, the disinterested, the apostates; the healthy and creative, the sickly and the lazy – all were meant to suffer and die, with no reprieve, no hope, no possible amnesty, nor chance for alleviation. Most of the Jews of Europe were dead by 1945. A civilization that had flourished for almost 2,000 years was no more. The survivors – one from a town, two from a host – dazed, emaciated, bereaved beyond measure, gathered the remnants of their vitality and the remaining sparks of their humanity, and rebuilt. They never meted out justice to their tormentors – for what justice could ever be achieved after such a crime? Rather, they turned to rebuilding: new families forever under the shadow of those absent; new life stories, forever warped by the wounds; new communities, forever haunted by the loss. A new exhibition in Berlin explores the grim realities of life for Jews in Nazi camps and ghettoes.
The exhibit features 100 works, mostly drawings and paintings, by Jewish inmates of labour camps, ghettoes and concentration camps. Many of the works portray the dark realities of day-to-day life in Nazi imprisonment. The fact that the works survived to the present day is, in most cases, a miracle: many were hidden or smuggled out at great risk by friends of the artists. The works are regardless of their current political context, deeply moving testaments to human resilience and the power of art, and, as Walter Smerling, the show’s co-curator with Eliad Moreh-Rosenberg points out, aesthetically powerful works on their own terms.
This coloured drawing by Pavel Fantl is one of the few works in the exhibit that shows the Nazis themselves. “When I saw this work, it was immediately a must-have,” says Smerling. Fantl, a doctor who was born in Prague in 1903, was able to paint secretly in the Theresienstadt ghetto, in occupied Czechoslovakia, thanks to a Czech policeman who gave him the materials he needed. “He portrays Hitler as a clown,” Smerling explains, “and the instrument on which he played the melodies with which he deceived an entire people, is on the floor, destroyed, with blood on his hands.” He adds: “You have to imagine his fearlessness and resistant sense of humour – to criticise the person responsible for his situation shortly before death.” Fantl was deported to Auschwitz, along with his wife and son, and murdered by the Nazis in January 1945. A Czech worker later smuggled his works out of the ghetto and concealed them in a wall. (Credit: Yad Vashem/Gift of the Prague Committee for Documentation)
Nussbaum, the best-known artist in the exhibit, was arrested in Belgium in 1940 after which he escaped and went into hiding in Brussels with his wife. His painting The Refugee shows the isolation of the wandering German Jew. “In the painting, he asks himself, ‘Where can I go in this world, where can I live, where can I work and exist?’” says Smerling. Nussbaum sent the painting to his father in Amsterdam, and after the murder of Nussbaum’s father in Auschwitz in 1944, it was transferred to private hands and sold at auction. “The painting hints at our current time, by pointing to the position of the refugee asking himself where he can go,” says Smerling, “today we have many people asking the same thing.” Nussbaum was ultimately murdered in Auschwitz in 1944 at the age of 39, together with his wife. (Credit: Yad Vashem/Gift of the Prague Committee for Documentation)
Moritz Müller, Rooftops in the Winter (1944)
Moritz Müller studied painting in Prague, later founding an auction house. It was forcibly closed after the Nazi invasion of Czechoslovakia. He produced over 500 works during his time in the Theresienstadt ghetto and in Rooftops in Winter, he depicts Theresienstadt’s snow-covered roofs as a peaceful idyll. “This is one of the most noteworthy pieces, because it shows no people – the ghettos were totally overpopulated,” says Smerling. “It has multiple meanings, on the one side it’s a beautiful winter landscape, and on the other, there is the horror that exists behind it.” The widow of an Austrian officer later purchased some of Müller’s paintings, hiding them in her house. Mueller was murdered in Auschwitz in 1944. (Credit: Yad Vashem/Gift of the Prague Committee for Documentation)
Nelly Toll, Girls in the Field (1943)
Nelly Toll is the
only surviving artist from the exhibition. Born in Lviv in what is today
Ukraine, she painted this image at the age of eight while being hidden
by a Christian family with her mother. The painting depicts the freedom
she yearns for. “It was important for me to get to know the artist and
talk to her,” says Smerling. Toll came to Berlin from her home in New
Jersey to attend the opening of the exhibit, and received a warm welcome
from Angela Merkel. “It was a very nice symbol,” says Smerling, about
the encounter. (Credit: Yad Vashem/Gift of the Prague Committee for Documentation)
Bedrich Fritta, Rear Entrance (1941-1944)
Of the more than
140,000 people deported to the Theresienstadt Ghetto between November
1941 and May 1945, approximately 120,000 died. Bedrich Fritta was born
in Bohemia in 1906 and was sent to Theresienstadt before being murdered
in Auschwitz in 1944. He and his group of fellow ghetto artists bricked
their works into walls before their arrest. “The half-open gate is a
metaphor for death, there is no visible alternative, the only way out is
into the darkness,” says Smerling. “He shows architecture and empty
nature as a stage for an event that is itself invisible.” (Credit: Yad Vashem/Gift of the Prague Committee for Documentation) 
Karl Bodek and Kurt Conrad Löw, One Spring (1941)
Smerling and his
co-curator made One Spring the exhibit’s central image despite its tiny
size. A collaboration between two artists interned in the Gurs Camp in
southern France, the painting shows a butterfly on barbed wire with a
distant view of the mountains on the Spanish border. “I found it
incredibly impressive that two people made such a small painting. It
represents their self-assertion as people and artists, and articulates
their will to survive and their hope for the future.” Kurt Löw, from
Vienna, was ultimately able to flee into Switzerland from France, but
Bordek, from Chernivisti, was sent to Auschwitz and murdered. “One of
them ended up with the role of the butterfly, the other did not.”
(Credit: Yad Vashem Art Museum, Jerusalem)
Leo Haas, Transport Arrival, 1942
Haas, who survived
the war, was drafted by the Theresienstadt ghetto’s self-administration
to make architectural drawings for its construction management. “But he
also created these ink representations that are very composed and
arranged, like this representation of a transport,” says Smerling. Like
Nussbaum, Haas used the motif of the birds of prey to suggest the
ominous presence of death. He also painted the letter ‘V’ in the bottom
left-hand corner of the painting, a symbol of underground resistance.
“What an incredible image, you see death and the organisation of death
before you, and you still think about victory.” (Credit: Yad Vashem/
Gift of the Prague Committee for Documentation)
Charlotte Salomon, Self-portrait (1939-1941)
Salomon has three
works in the exhibit, including this self-portrait. Salomon was born in
Berlin, and after the Kristallnacht joined her grandparents on an estate
owned by Ottilie Moore, a US millionaire, in the town of Villefranche,
in southern France. She continued painting during her exile, during
which she produced this self-portrait. “In the self-portrait everything
seems to be in movement, the colour in the face, she seems to have
something of the inner turmoil of the artist herself,” says Smerling.
Salomon was arrested by the Gestapo with her husband in September 1943,
and sent to Auschwitz, where she was murdered. She was five months
pregnant at the time. (Credit: Yad Vashem Art Museum, Jerusalem)
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